Due to study the Effect of lead, azospirillum and humic acid on chlorophyll content, root and Shoot dry weight in rapeseed (Brassica napus L .) an experiment was done as factorial in the basis of complety randomized design in 4 replication during 2011 at Islamic Azad university shahr-e-Rey branch. Experimental factors contains: Lead heavy metal in 3 levels (0, 250, 500 and 750 mg/Kg of soil), Azospirillum bacteria inoculation in 2 levels (0 and application) and humic acid in 2 levels (0 and 8 g/ha application). The results indicated that all factors simple effects was significant and interaction effects did not showed any significant difference. Mean comparison single effects indicated that 750 mg/kg lead application decreased chlorophyll content, root and Shoot dry weight to 0.94 mg/g, 3.68 g/plant and 13.12 g/plant alternatively. In this case after Azospirillum application root and Shoot root dry weight increased 10% and 6.5% consequently. The humic acid consumption increased Chl a (0.75 mg/l), Chl b (0.39 mg/l) and Chl a+b (1.12).

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of mycorrhizal fungi application on the physiological traits and Shoot dry weight of the Melissa officinalis under cadmium toxicity in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, in 2022. The experiment was designed as a factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental factors included different cadmium levels (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mg kg-1 soil) and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis moseae (non-application and application). Results showed that the maximum cadmium concentration led to a 27.45% reduction in relative water content and a 1.65-fold increase in MDA content. Mycorrhizal fungi also improved soluble sugars and leaf soluble protein content by 11.68% and 21.25%, respectively. Interaction of fungi and heavy metal showed that the lowest levels of chlorophyll a, b, and total were observed in the treatment with 25 mg kg-1 soil cadmium+without fungi application, measuring 0.308, 0.189, and 0.638 mg g-1 leaf, respectively. Furthermore, the highest activity of the catalase and peroxidase was observed under the treatment with mycorrhizal application + 25 mg kg-1 soil cadmium. In general, increasing cadmium levels negatively impacted the physiological traits of lemon balm, reducing Shoot dry weight by 76.71% at the highest concentration. The highest level of this trait was achieved with mycorrhizal fungi in non-stress conditions. Therefore, the use of this biofertilizer is recommended to increase lemon balm tolerance in cadmium-contaminated soils.

Some beneficial soil microorganisms can reduce salt stress in many crops. Two experiments were carried outto study the effect of salinity and microorganisms on the growth characteristics of Plantago ovata Forsk. In the first experiment, tolerant species of phosphate-soluble bacteria screened in a salinity stress condition, a number of bacteria were subjected to semi-quantitative phosphate solubility test. The superior isolate was identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens based on the sequence 16S rRNA gene and other phylogenetic analysis. The second experiment was a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was three levels of salinity (2. 5, 5 and 10 dS/m), the second factor was mycorrhizal fungus including Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices and Glomus fasciculatum, and the third factor consisted of two levels of non-bacterial and bacterial application. Shoot and root dry weight, root to Shoot dry weight ratio, mycorrhizal growth response and root colonization percentage were measured. Analysis of variance showed that interaction of salinity stress and mycorrhizal fungus on Shoot dry weight was significant at level 1% probability. The interaction of salinity stress and bacteria on the ratio of root dry weight to Shoot was significant at 5% probability level. The highest root dry weight and root/Shoot ratio (1. 7 and 0. 9 respectively) were obtained at 2. 5 dS/m + Glomus fasciculatum treatment. The highest mycorrhizal growth response percentage was 76. 7% at 10 dS/m + Rhizophagus intraradice treatment. Comparison of the mean interactions between salinity stress and bacteria showed that the highest mycorrhizal growth response percentage was obtained in the 10 dS/m salinity + Pseudomonas fluorescenstreatment (45. 6%). The results also showed that salinity decreased the yield of Isabgol, but the simultaneous application of PSB and AMF could compensate the negative effects of salinity stress. According to the results, it is possible to use the simultaneous application of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Rhizophagus intraradices to maximize the production of Plantago ovata Forsk.

Introduction: Availability of nutrients needed by plants and ambient light are important in the growth and synthesis of active substance of medicinal plants. Various nutritional combinations have been assessed to study their effect on improving field management and production of medicinal plants. Nitrogen is often a limiting nutrient in plant growth in most agricultural soils. Nitrogen is a major component of chlorophyll, proteins, nucleic acid, vitamins and other organic compounds by which plants use sunlight energy to produce sugars from water and carbon dioxide (i. e., photosynthesis). It is also a major component of amino acids, the building units of proteins. Phosphorus is another element which has an important role in nearly every plant process that involves energy transfer. High-energy phosphate, contained in the chemical structures of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and ATP, is the source of energy that drives the variety of chemical reactions within the plant. Nitrogen and phosphorus can be supplied through fertilizers or animal manure. Various studies show that combined use of manure and chemical fertilizers (as N, P and … ) have positive effects on soil fertility and growth of plant as well as protecting the environment. Studies also show the effect of adequate nutrients on plant growth parameters, light absorption and biosynthesis in medicinal plants. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic amendments enriched with chemical fertilizers (nitrogen and phosphorus) on effective traits in light absorption and alcoholic extract of hemp in two consecutive years in Birjand. Materials and Methods: To study the effect of different levels of animal manure and chemical fertilizers, a split factorial experiment, based on complete randomized blocks design with three replications was conducted at the research Farm of Faculty of agriculture, University of Birjand, during 2013-2014 growing seasons. Experimental factors include application of animal manure (well-rotted farmyard manure) at a rate of 0, 10, 20 and 30 ton ha-1 to the main plot. The sub plots were received nitrogen at rate of 0, 50 or 100 kg ha-1 (nitrogen in form of Urea) and phosphorus at rate of 0 or 80 kg ha-1 (P2O5 as triple superphosphate). Measured traits were Shoot height and diameter, leaf area and leaf number, nitrogen percentage of leaf, canopy light absorption, Shoot and leaf dry weights, percentage of extract of leaves and seeds. Nitrogen content of plants was determined by Kjeldahl method and light Absorption was measured by Sun scan. The data were statistically analyzed by SAS software (V. 9. 1). Comparison of the means was performed using FLSD test at the 0. 05 level of significant. Results and Discussion: The results showed that canopy light absorption highly correlated with the leaf numbers (0. 676**), Shoot height (0. 621**), nitrogen percentage of leaf (0. 543**) and Shoot diameter (0. 481**) respectively. Application of 30 ton ha-1 of animal manure resulted in less efficiency in increasing Shoot height and diameter, leaf area and number and nitrogen percentage of leaf. The absorption of light by plant was higher in treatments with higher nitrogen content in leaf. The study showed that weight of Shoot and leaf following treatment increased by animal manure, nitrogen and phosphorus supplements, which subsequently increased final weight of extract from leaves and seeds. Application of 30 ton ha-1 of animal manure and 100 kg ha-1 of nitrogen resulted in 20. 1% and 20. 2% increase in content of leaf extract respectively, while application of 100 kg ha-1 of nitrogen resulted in 20% increase in total weight of extracts from seeds. Seed extracts were also highly correlated with the dry weight of leaves. Therefore, the study suggests that adequate nutritional supplement to soil can increase plant growth and final weight of the leaf and seed extracts from plants. Most seed extract estimated in combined treatment of 30 ton ha-1 animal manure and 80 kg ha-1 of phosphorus. The rate of plant growth was lower in the first year compare to the second year, which can be due to higher salinity of soil and animal manure and temperature of germination in the first year. Overall, the findings of this study showed that application of 30 ton ha-1 of animal manure can provide the plants with adequate level of nitrogen and phosphorus resulting in increased level of extracts of leaf and seed in hemp plant and can reduce the need for nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers use.

Introduction: Cadmium is one of the most dangerous heavy metals through oxidative stress impairs the balance of plant processes and ultimately reduce nutrients in plant growth. On the other hand, this element is highly toxic for humans and cause liver and kidney diseases. Vermicompost is a source of organic matter that plays important roles in plant nutrition and decreases availability of heavy metals including cadmium in soil. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cadmium and vermicompost on morphological traits of spinach. Materials and Methods: To study the effects of different levels of cadmium and vermicompost on some morphological characteristics and nutrients in spinach, a greenhouse experiment was conducted in the research greenhouse of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Tehran province in 1394. The experiment was carried out factorial based on randomized complete block design with six treatments and four replications. Cd factor were two levels, 0 and 20 mg per kg and vermicompost factor were in three levels as mixing five percent of vermicompost with soil and ten percent of vermicompost with soil. Shoot dry weight, number of leaves, plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll content in leaves were statistically analyzed. Results and Discussion: The results were showed that dry weight, number of leaves per plants, plant height, leaf area and chlorophyll content were significantly reduced by the use of cadmium. Also, leaf area index and chlorophyll had the most sensitivity and least sensitivity to cadmium. Data also showed that leaf area and chlorophyll index decreased 58 and 10. 6 percent in compare to control by use in the 20 mg. kg-1 in the soil, respectively. Data also demonstrated that use of vermicompost increased significantly Shoot dry weight, number of leaves and leaf area. Shoot dry weight increased 49. 4 percent in compare to control by mixing of ten percent of vermicompost with soil. The results also showed that use of vermicompost in soil, decreased the negative effects of cadmium on some traits of spinach such as leaf number, plant height and leaf area. Conclusion: The results were showed that cadmium decreased the growth of the different organs in the spinach. On the other hand, due to the effects of vermicompost consumption increased Shoot dry weight and nutrient uptake, and reduced the adverse effects of cadmium.

IntroductionCadmium (Cd) is the most mobile heavy element in the soil. This element in plants has a negative effect on the main function of the plant such as photosynthesis, cell proliferation, and water uptake by plant roots. Resistance adaptation of some plants allows them to store high concentrations of heavy metals in their tissues without symptoms of poisoning, which eliminates them and revitalizes the environment. Corn (Zea mays L.) is able to continuously extract metals from contaminated soils by transferring them from roots to Shoots. Corn was also a promising crop for phytoremediation due to its extensive root system, high biomass, and compatibility with cadmium soils. Also, legumes such as soybeans (Glycine max L.) can accumulate heavy metals in their tissue, and their interaction with B. japonicum is an important aspect influencing the behavior of soybeans under heavy metal stress. Mixed culture is a common cropping method that increases biomass. The use of this method in plants intended for plant extraction is of great importance because in contaminated soils it affects the uptake of heavy elements by plants. Therefore, due to the importance of soil contamination with heavy elements, this study was designed to investigate the effect of mono and mixed corn and soybean culture on cadmium contaminated soil.Materials and methodsThis experiment was performed in the greenhouse of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University as a factorial in a completely randomized design with four replications. The first factor of cadmium concentrations was 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg kg-1. The second factor was corn and soybean cultivation ratios (maize in pure cultivation, soybean in pure cultivation, corn in mixed cultivation and soybean in mixed cultivation with a ratio of 50: 50). The seeds were planted in 5 kg pots. The density was four plants in the pot was considered. Two months after sowing, the plants were harvested. Pre-harvest measurement traits included plant height and stem diameter and post-harvest measurement traits included Shoot dry weight, root dry weight, cadmium concentration of Shoot and root, and cadmium concentration in soil.Results and discussionThe results showed that the concentration of cadmium in maize Shoots in both mono-culture and mixed culture systems was higher than soybean and mixed cultivation, especially at high levels, increased the concentration of cadmium in maize and soybean Shoots. Also, with increasing the levels of heavy metal, the concentrations of cadmium in the roots increased linearly in all culture systems. Maize had more ability to uptake and concentrate metals in its roots than soybeans, and mixed cultivation of maize and soybeans increased the concentration of cadmium in the roots of maize and soybeans. In this experiment. The highest concentrations of root cadmium in mixed maize and soybean crops were recorded 105.97 and 60.46 mg kg-1, respectively.Conclusiondry weight of maize and soybeans was lower in mixed than pure cultivation, which seems to be the main cause of the higher uptake of cadmium in plant organs under mixed culture conditions. In general, the ability of maize to phytoextraction is higher than soybeans due to its higher biomass.

In dry regions, root systems play a major role in controlling plant growth and yield, thanks to their importance in water absorption. In order to investigate the effect of irrigation regimes on root and Shoot traits of sesame (Sesamum indicum L. ) genotypes, a field experiment has been conducted in Karaj, at Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, during 2017 and 2018. A factorial experiment has been laid out in a completely-randomized design with four replications. This study deals with five genotypes of sesame in two irrigation regimes, including full and low (drought stress) irrigation treatments in terms of root and Shoot-related traits. Results show that there have been significant differences between genotypes and irrigation regimes for root and Shoot traits. In all genotypes, root length density is higher in full irrigation treatment as well as the upper soil layer (0 to 30 cm deep), compared to stress treatment. In addition, under drought stress conditions root depth increases (by 30% in average) in all genotypes. In contrast, root dry weight has decreased in Dashtestan 2 (15 %), Darab 1 (16 %), and Naz (22 %), and increased in Oltan (1 %), USA-ns 96 (7 %), and Sodan 94 (10 ) genotypes. On the other hand, the highest amount of Shoot dry weight belongs to the USA-ns 96 genotype (39 g), and the lowest to Naz cultivar (22 g). Finally, results show that USA-ns 96 genotype, being superior in terms of root characteristics such as root depth and root length density compared to other genotypes, in addition to having more Shoot dry weight, show the least dry weight loss under stress conditions.

In order to evaluate different growing media and nitrogen fertilizer (urea) on some morphological traits of Spathiphyllum, an experiment was carried out in a split-plot arrangement based on a completely randomized block design in three replications in greenhouse conditions in 2018. The main plot was assigned to different growing media including T1: leaf-mold, T2: vermicompost, and T3: a mixed growing medium (peat moss 20% + cocopeat 50% + perlite 30%) and the subplot was assigned to urea fertilizer at different rates of 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 g/L. Results showed that the mixed growing medium plus 2 g/L urea fertilizer had significant positive effects on all traits. According to the results for the interaction effects, the highest Shoot fresh weight (26. 5 g/plant), Shoot dry weight (3. 75 g/plant), root fresh weight (35. 5 g/plant), root dry weight (4. 87 g/plant), length petiole (55. 1 cm), and leaf number (12. 1) were obtained from the mixed growing medium plus 2 g/L urea fertilizer, while the traits were the least in all studied growing media plus 0 g/L urea fertilizer. The increase in the urea fertilizer from 0 to 2 g/L increased Shoot dry weight and petiole length while the urea fertilizer at the rates of 3 and 4 g/L decreased them. The growing media with an EC of 2 dS/m, high porosity, and high water holding capacity can have significant effects on improving morphologic traits of Spathiphyllum plants.

Introduction: Most plants, especially those that are native to hot areas, show signs of injury when exposed to low temperatures. Damages caused by cold stress occurs at the cell and organs level, which reflects it at the plant surface. Color change, chlorosis, general reduction of growth, cellular tissue destruction, non-absorption of nutrients, reduction of photosynthesis, non-transferring photosynthetic materials are from early effects of cold stress. Cellular responses to colds including loss of thoracic pressure, vacuolization, collapse of cytoplasmic membrane balance, cytoplasmic flow loss, and general organ dysfunction. The susceptibility of the plant to frost is different depending on the type of plant, variety, tissue morphology and other cellular characteristics, as well as the cold conditions of the period, time and cold intensity. In addition, it seems that organs of the plant have different degrees of cold tolerance. If the temperature of the aerial part is favorable, the low temperature of the root zone can be one of the factors limiting the root system and plant growth. The consumption of balanced boron content by neutralizing the negative effects of cold stress and mechanisms such as maintaining the structure of the membrane, improving and increasing root growth, increasing the synthesis of proteins needed for the plant, adjustment of stomatal movements and improved stomatal conductance, increased cell division, increased nitrogen metabolism and chlorophyll production, and its consequence was increased photosynthesis and dry matter production, increased activity of antioxidants, calcium / potassium ratio adjustment, optimizing the transfer of calcium in the plant, adjusting the amount of water and conducting it in the cell, increasing the moisture content and relative content of leaf water, transferring soluble materials and increasing water use efficiency creates a relative resistance to low temperature stress. Although the root temperature is very effective in plant growth, it has been less attractive. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of low temperature of root and Shoot on the ability to restore plant growth and physiological activity in the presence and absence of boron. Materials and Methods: In order to compare the impact of sudden low temperature stress of root and Shoot on recovery of vegetative and physiological traits of tomato, a research was conducted in two separate experiments under controlled conditions in the greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology. Two experiments were factorial based on completely randomized design with 10 replications including two concentrations of boron (0, 0. 5, 1 and 1. 5 in ppm) and two temperature levels of Shoot and root sections (10 degrees’ Celsius temperature, and 11 rootstock temperatures and 22 ° C optimum and control temperatures). Indicators included photosynthesis rate, respiration rate, stomatal carbon dioxide, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll index, water use efficiency, proline, antioxidant, phenol secretion from root and leaf extracts, leaf relative water content, soluble protein concentration, ion leakage, leaf water potential, root and Shoot dry weights and starch content. Finally, the analysis of the results was done by statistical software statistic and comparing the meanings by LSD test at 5% level. Result and discussion: The results showed that the highest amount of photosynthesis, root dry weight and dry weight of the aerial part were in the consumption of 0. 5 ppm of boron during abrupt stresses of low temperature on the root after the recovery period. The highest amount of stem proline and electrolyte leakage were also obtained from 0. 5-1. 5 ppm of boron consumption during abrupt low temperature on the Shoot part. According to the results, it was found that when stress has entered from the root zone to the aerial part of the plant, the plant was in the better conditions after the recovery period. It seems that when a cold stress occurred on the roots, the plant can produced more antioxidant substances, including phenol and proline, while counteracting the relative water content of the leaves were more effective with radical agents. Thus, in normal conditions, the roots of the plant operated at a lower temperature than the airspace. They also exhibited more adaptations to the lower air at the lower temperature than the air section and the plant is less damaged. At levels above the boron element due to the effect of boron toxicity and the production of excess free oxygen radicals, the plant probably suffered more severe damage than cold damage. Conclusions: Sudden low temperatures stresses on the root and Shoot had negative effects on the recovery of the vegetative and physiological traits of tomatoes. When lower temperatures were imposed on the Shoot, the plant suffered much more damages. Consumption of 0. 5 ppm of boron during cold stress by creating optimal conditions for growth also caused the relative neutralization.

In order to evaluation of mitigation effect on salinity stress on the morphological and biochemical properties of marigold (Tagetes erecta L. Nana), an experimental was carried out in factorial arrangement base on randomized complete block design in three replications at Khorasan Razavi Agriculture Research and Education Center in 2018. The first factor was four salinities (0, 4, 8 and 12 dS m-1) and the second factor was potassium silicate (PS) at three levels (0, 100 and 150 ppm). The results showed that the highest plant height was obtained at zero salinity with application 100 ppm PS. The highest Shoot dry weight was recorded at salinity of 8 dS m-1 with 150 ppm PS. The highest amount of leaf potassium was observed at salinity of 12 dS m-1 with using of 100 ppm PS and the highest amount of root potassium was obtained at 4 dS m-1 salinity treatment with 100 ppm PS. The results was also showed that in marigold at high salinity (more than 8 dS m-1), potassium silicate composition could not have a favorable effect on plant growth. The use of PS in salinity of 12 dS m-1 was able to reduce the concentration of sodium in leaf tissues and increase the amount of potassium, although the amount of potassium increase was higher in low salinities. In general, the use of potassium silicate can be considered as a supplement in plant nutrition at low salinities.